Categories
Business Agility

Teaching and Learning Beyond Just Grades

The Journey of Teaching and Learning Beyond Just Grades: Reimagining Education with Agile, AI, and Gamification

Every epic journey, whether Frodo’s quest to Mount Doom in The Lord of the Rings, Luke Skywalker’s path to becoming a Jedi in Star Wars, or the voyages of the Enterprise in Star Trek, these journeys do not begin with a grade. No hero embarks on their adventure having been assigned an A, B, or failing mark. Instead, they begin with a compelling mission, a challenge to be overcome. Their journey is filled with milestones, obstacles, moments of doubt, and triumph. It is never reduced to a percentage score.

Yet, in education, we often treat learning as if students are merely points on a scale rather than explorers navigating the vast landscape of knowledge.

As Daniel Pink (2025) discusses in The Washington Post, in his Opinion Article Why Not Get Rid of Grades, the impact of grade inflation highlighting the unintended consequences of this approach, prompting critical reflection: why do we view grades as barriers rather than dynamic checkpoints?

Instead, why not gamify education, transforming evaluations into milestone moments, making it a go-or-no-go markers that confirm mastery of essential skills before students move forward, much like checkpoints in a game or business simulation?

In business education, where the goal is preparing students for real-world unpredictability, the emphasis should shift from merely scoring well on exams toward mastery, adaptability, and practical competence. This article explores the possibilities of moving beyond traditional grading systems, inspired by human-AI complementarity, business agility principles, and gamification models, to create an engaging, iterative, and skill-focused learning experience. These ideas align closely with the Manifesto for Teaching and Learning, which emphasizes adaptability over prescriptive teaching methods, collaboration over individual accomplishment, the achievement of learning outcomes over student testing, student-driven inquiry over classroom lecturing, demonstration and application over accumulation of information, and continuous improvement over the maintenance of current practices (Krehbiel et al., 2017).

1. Human-AI Complementarity: A Smarter Approach to Learning

AI as an Adaptive Learning Assistant

AI-powered platforms can tailor educational content to each student’s unique pace and learning style, mitigating the need for rigid grading structures. Instead of forcing all students through the same curriculum at the same speed, AI can:

  • Personalize Learning Paths: Adaptive AI systems, like those used by Coursera, Duolingo, and Khan Academy, provide real-time feedback and customized exercises to strengthen weak areas (Deci & Ryan, 1985).
  • Track Competency Growth Over Time: Instead of relying on a one-time grade, AI can track progress in key skill areas and provide data-driven insights into a student’s development.
  • Reduce Subjective Bias in Assessment: Unlike traditional grading, which varies by instructor, AI-driven assessment tools (e.g., AI-powered essay scoring and automated skill evaluations) offer greater consistency and fairness (Dweck, 2006).

AI as a Tutor and Mentor

  • Conversational AI tools (like ChatGPT, Claude, or DeepSeek) can act as on-demand tutors, answering questions, explaining concepts, and providing personalized feedback beyond what a single professor can manage.
  • AI-driven simulations and VR tools allow students to practice real-world business scenarios, refining their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities in a risk-free environment.

This shift decentralizes the traditional authority of grades and focuses instead on demonstrated mastery of skills, aligning well with Pink’s (2025) call for a more meaningful and personalized evaluation system.

2. Business Agility Education: Learning in Iterations, Not Grades

Applying Agile Principles to Education

Business agility emphasizes iteration, feedback loops, adaptability, and continuous learning—qualities that naturally support education without grades. Instead of traditional grading, students could be assessed based on competency-based progression, real-world projects, and iterative feedback cycles (Goodhart, 1975). The Manifesto for Teaching and Learning further reinforces this need, advocating for student-driven inquiry over passive classroom lecturing and demonstration over rote accumulation of information (Krehbiel et al., 2017).

  • Scrum for Learning: Courses can be structured like Scrum sprints, where students work on real-world projects in short, iterative cycles. Faculty and AI tutors provide feedback, ensuring continuous improvement rather than a one-time grade.
  • Kanban for Self-Paced Mastery: Instead of fixed 15-week courses, students progress through a Kanban-style learning board, moving from foundational knowledge to expert-level application at their own pace.
  • OKRs (Objectives and Key Results) Over Letter Grades: Students set their own learning objectives and track progress with key results, much like modern businesses do to measure success.

Gamifying Assessments as Milestones

Rather than eliminating tests, exams, and exercises, they can be redefined as game-like milestones. Students can:

  • Attempt challenges multiple times until mastery is achieved, much like in business simulations or certification exams.
  • Earn skill badges rather than letter grades, creating visible achievement markers similar to professional micro-credentialing (Kohn, 1999).
  • Progress through competency levels, much like a structured onboarding process in a corporate environment.
  • Use AI-powered challenges to validate real-world business competencies, allowing students to apply skills in simulated business problems.

In this model, failure is not a finality but an opportunity for iteration—ensuring students absorb material deeply rather than just aiming for a passing grade.

3. The Future of Business Education: Skill-Based, AI-Assisted, and Agile

Education as a Simulation of the Future Workforce

By integrating AI as an assistant and agile methodologies into education, students would be better prepared for the actual demands of the workforce. The future of work is increasingly project-based, interdisciplinary, and adaptive—our education system should mirror that.

  • AI-Driven Skill Assessments for Hiring: Employers like Google and Tesla are moving away from GPA-based hiring in favour of skills-based assessments. AI can facilitate competency verification through AI-powered interviews, coding challenges, or case study evaluations, replacing outdated transcripts and GPAs.
  • AI and Soft Skills Development: Beyond technical learning, AI-powered tools like VR empathy training and conversational AI role-play help students develop emotional intelligence, leadership, and negotiation skills—critical for business success.

Replacing Rigid Timelines with Continuous Growth

Instead of a fixed three or four-year degree, students should have the flexibility to:

  • Move at their own pace through learning modules, earning skill badges along the way.
  • Learn in interdisciplinary teams, solving problems across marketing, sales, finance, and AI-driven analytics in cross-functional projects.
  • Apply learning immediately in real-world settings, just as agile businesses implement continuous feedback and iteration rather than waiting for year-end performance reviews.

From Grades to Growth, AI-Assisted and Agile

Daniel Pink’s (2025) argument for eliminating grades is a compelling call for education reform—one that aligns naturally with AI-driven personalization and business agility principles.

By moving away from rigid grading systems, we can:

  • Shift from performance goals (earning an A) to learning goals (achieving real-world mastery).
  • Replace outdated transcripts with competency-based evaluations, enriched by AI-driven skill tracking and narrative feedback.
  • Transition from a static, time-bound degree model to an agile, project-based, and AI-assisted learning ecosystem.

This approach doesn’t just make education better—it prepares students for the business world of the future, where adaptability, critical thinking, and AI fluency will define success.

References

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour. Plenum Press.

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House.

Goodhart, C. A. E. (1975). “Problems of Monetary Management: The U.K. Experience.” Papers in Monetary Economics, vol. I, Reserve Bank of Australia.

Kohn, A. (1999). The Schools Our Children Deserve: Moving Beyond Traditional Classrooms and “Tougher Standards”. Houghton Mifflin.

Krehbiel, T. C., et al. (2017). Agile Manifesto for Teaching and Learning. Journal of Effective Teaching, 17(2), 90-111.

Pink, D. (2025). Why Not Get Rid of Grades? The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/03/03/grade-inflation-why-not/

Photo by Element5 Digital

Categories
Business Agility

Sales Marketing AI Agility

Sales and Marketing Collaboration in the Age of AI and Business Agility

The Reality of Sales vs. Marketing Tension

One of the biggest misconceptions in the business world is that sales and marketing alignment means they must be perfectly synchronized, work seamlessly without tension, and completely agree on everything. In reality, this is impractical. These two teams have distinct objectives, incentives, and operational approaches. However, that doesn’t mean they can’t collaborate effectively.

Instead of forcing harmony, companies should build structured systems that enable both teams to function as complementary forces rather than adversaries. The key to this isn’t team-building exercises or artificial cooperation—it’s about leveraging AI, adopting business agility principles, and fostering a data-driven culture to achieve measurable results.

Why Sales and Marketing Are Naturally at Odds

• Sales is focused on short-term revenue → They need immediate results, want high-quality leads that close fast, and often deal with unpredictable customer behavior.
• Marketing is focused on long-term brand growth → They focus on market positioning, awareness, demand generation, and strategies that may take months to yield returns.
• Sales sees marketing as disconnected from reality → Sales reps often complain that marketing’s efforts produce low-quality leads or focus too much on abstract brand messaging rather than real buyer pain points.
• Marketing sees sales as tactical and shortsighted → Marketers often feel frustrated that sales doesn’t follow up on leads fast enough or dismisses them too quickly without nurturing them.

How AI and Business Agility Address This Issue

1. AI for Lead Scoring & Predictive Analytics → AI-driven lead scoring can help define which leads are worth pursuing, reducing friction between sales and marketing.
2. Agile Frameworks for Sales & Marketing → Business agility principles encourage iterative collaboration, frequent feedback loops, and shared accountability.
3. AI for Content Personalization & Targeting → AI can provide real-time insights into customer behaviors, allowing marketing to create more relevant messaging and sales pitches.
4. AI-Driven Sales Enablement → Automated coaching tools, chatbots, and virtual assistants help sales reps engage with leads in real-time without depending solely on marketing.

The Pitfalls of a Dysfunctional Relationship Between Sales & Marketing

1. Poor Lead Management & Conversion Rates
• AI Solution: Predictive analytics helps ensure only the highest-intent leads are passed to sales.
• Agile Solution: Daily standups between sales and marketing ensure continuous improvement in lead quality.
2. Mixed Messaging & Customer Confusion
• AI Solution: AI-powered CRM tools ensure consistent messaging by tracking every customer interaction.
• Agile Solution: Regular sprint reviews between marketing and sales to align messaging and strategy.
3. Wasted Budget & Resources
• AI Solution: AI can analyze campaign ROI in real time, allowing marketing to pivot quickly.
• Agile Solution: Retrospectives identify wasted efforts, improving future marketing investments.
4. Lack of Accountability & Finger-Pointing
• AI Solution: AI-driven performance dashboards highlight where leads drop off in the funnel, making accountability transparent.
• Agile Solution: Shared OKRs (Objectives & Key Results) for sales and marketing prevent silos.

What Real Alignment Looks Like in the AI & Agile Era

1. Shared Definitions & Clear Criteria for Success
• AI-Driven Lead Qualification → AI scoring models ensure that only leads with high conversion potential reach sales.
• Agile Cross-Functional Collaboration → Marketing and sales teams participate in joint sprint planning sessions.
2. Collaboration on Sales & Marketing Messaging
• AI for Sentiment Analysis → AI can analyze customer feedback to refine sales pitches and marketing campaigns.
• Agile Messaging Workshops → Joint workshops allow both teams to refine messaging based on iterative feedback.
3. A Sales Pitch Testing Framework
• AI-Enhanced Testing → AI-powered analytics track which sales pitches resonate most with prospects.
• Agile Feedback Loops → Sales reps test new messaging in real time and provide immediate feedback.
4. Data-Driven Decision Making
• AI Predictive Insights → AI tools forecast which marketing strategies will generate the best leads.
• Agile Iteration Cycles → Continuous improvement cycles ensure data-driven decision-making.
5. Executive-Level Accountability
• AI-Driven Performance Tracking → Dashboards provide real-time visibility into how well sales and marketing are performing.
• Agile Shared KPIs → Both teams share responsibility for revenue growth and customer success.

Moving from Dysfunction to Collaboration

The best companies ensure alignment by making it impossible for either team to succeed without the other. AI and business agility create a self-reinforcing system where sales and marketing naturally align.

Steps to Move Toward AI-Powered & Agile Sales-Marketing Alignment

Step 1: Get Sales Involved in Positioning Early
• AI analyzes past deals to provide insights on which customer segments are most profitable.
• Agile collaboration ensures real-time input from both teams to refine positioning.

Step 2: Co-Create the Sales Pitch Using AI Insights
• AI-powered content optimization tools help refine the most effective messaging.
• Agile iteration ensures marketing and sales continuously test and refine the sales pitch.

Step 3: Establish a Continuous Feedback Loop
• AI provides automated performance insights from CRM, social media, and customer feedback.
• Agile feedback cycles ensure sales and marketing iterate quickly to maximize effectiveness.

Step 4: Hold Both Teams Accountable Through AI & Agile Metrics
• AI provides attribution models that show exactly which efforts drive revenue.
• Agile shared KPIs ensure mutual accountability and success.

Conclusion: The Future of Sales & Marketing Collaboration

Sales and marketing alignment is not about making them best friends, it’s about creating a system where both teams work interdependently. By leveraging AI, integrating business agility, and fostering a culture of continuous collaboration, companies can break down silos, eliminate inefficiencies, and maximize revenue potential.

Photo by Vardan Papikyan

Categories
Jobs-To-Be-Done JTBD

Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) + AI Agility

Introduction

Businesses today collect more customer data than ever before, yet most innovations fail. According to McKinsey (2023), 94% of executives report dissatisfaction with their company’s innovation performance, and Harvard Business Review (2019) notes that 85% of new consumer products fail within two years.

The primary reason? Businesses focus too much on who their customers are rather than why they buy. Traditional marketing emphasizes demographics, psychographics, and survey-based customer insights, but these fail to capture the deeper motivations behind consumer behavior.

The Jobs-to-Be-Done (JTBD) framework, pioneered by Clayton Christensen, offers a causal understanding of customer behaviour, helping businesses create better products, services, and marketing strategies by focusing on the real reasons people make purchasing decisions.

In this article, we’ll explore:
The origins of JTBD and how it emerged from the study of failed innovations.
How customers “hire” and “fire” products based on their needs.
Key JTBD principles and their impact on business strategy.
Real-world case studies showcasing successful JTBD-driven innovations.
How businesses can implement JTBD for competitive advantage.


The Origins of Jobs-to-Be-Done (JTBD)

Why Traditional Innovation Fails

For decades, businesses have relied on customer personas, focus groups, and surveys to guide product development and marketing. Yet, despite these efforts, many companies fail to anticipate real consumer needs.

💡 Key Examples of Failed Innovation:

  • Segway (2001) – Marketed as a futuristic mode of transport but failed to identify a practical “job” that needed solving.
  • New Coke (1985) – Assumed taste was the key driver for soft drink purchases, ignoring emotional and brand loyalty factors.
  • Google Glass (2014) – Focused on technological advancements rather than solving a real customer problem.

Clayton Christensen & Disruptive Innovation

The JTBD framework originates from the work of Clayton Christensen, a Harvard Business School professor and author of The Innovator’s Dilemma (1997). Christensen’s disruptive innovation theory explains how market leaders often fail by focusing on incremental improvements rather than solving real customer problems.

Christensen and his research team discovered that customers don’t buy products for their features—they “hire” them to fulfil specific jobs. This realization led to the Jobs-to-Be-Done approach, a methodology that focuses on why customers switch products rather than who they are.


How Customers “Hire” and “Fire” Products

The Core Principle of JTBD

🔹 Customers don’t buy products; they hire them to make progress in a given circumstance.
🔹 If the product does the job well, they “hire” it again. If not, they “fire” it and look for an alternative.

💡 Example: McDonald’s Milkshake Case Study
Clayton Christensen’s team conducted a famous JTBD study with McDonald’s to understand why people bought milkshakes.

📌 Traditional Approach:
McDonald’s initially focused on customer demographics and flavor preferences. They conducted focus groups to tweak their milkshakes’ taste and consistency, yet sales remained flat.

📌 JTBD Approach:
Researchers discovered that most milkshake sales happened in the early morning. Customers weren’t just buying them as a drink—they were hiring milkshakes as a convenient, mess-free, long-lasting breakfast for long commutes.

📌 Outcome:
McDonald’s redesigned milkshakes to be thicker and more filling, making them last longer in the morning commute—sales increased significantly without changing flavours or branding.

Key Takeaway: Customers don’t buy products based on features alone. They choose products that help them achieve a specific goal in their daily lives.


The Three Dimensions of Customer Jobs

To fully understand why customers hire products, businesses must consider three types of jobs-to-be-done:

1️⃣ Functional Jobs – The practical reason behind a purchase.
Example: A customer buys a waterproof jacket to stay dry in the rain.

2️⃣ Emotional Jobs – The feeling associated with the product.
Example: Someone buys a premium raincoat to feel confident and stylish.

3️⃣ Social Jobs – How the purchase affects social perception.
Example: A customer chooses an eco-friendly raincoat to appear environmentally conscious.

💡 Example: Tesla’s JTBD Strategy
Tesla doesn’t just sell electric cars; it sells a vision of technological innovation and sustainability.
✔️ Functional Job: A high-performance, fuel-efficient car.
✔️ Emotional Job: A feeling of being a pioneer in sustainability.
✔️ Social Job: Status and prestige from driving an advanced vehicle.


Applying JTBD to Business Strategy

Traditional Marketing vs. JTBD

Traditional MarketingJobs-to-Be-Done Approach
Focuses on customer demographicsFocuses on customer intent and needs
Uses focus groups & surveysUses deep interviews & observational research
Compares product featuresIdentifies customer pain points
Competes with direct market rivalsConsiders all competing solutions to the same job

💡 Example: Netflix vs. Blockbuster

Blockbuster (Traditional Approach)Netflix (JTBD Approach)
Focused on DVD rentals and late feesFocused on removing rental inconvenience
Assumed customers wanted varietyUnderstood customers wanted instant access
Competed with video rental storesCompeted with cable, DVDs, and even video games
Ignored the job of convenienceMade entertainment on-demand & frictionless

Result: Blockbuster filed for bankruptcy in 2010, while Netflix became a $250B company by focusing on the customer’s job-to-be-done.


Intersection of JTBD, AI, and Business Agility

Businesses today are experiencing rapid shifts due to digital transformation, artificial intelligence (AI), and evolving consumer expectations. Yet, despite these advancements, many companies still struggle with innovation and customer engagement.

The Jobs-to-Be-Done (JTBD) framework, originally pioneered by Clayton Christensen, provides a causal understanding of why customers make purchasing decisions. It helps businesses design AI-driven solutions and agile business models that align with real customer needs rather than relying on outdated market segmentation techniques.

With the rise of AI-driven decision-making and business agility, companies must integrate JTBD thinking into their strategies to remain competitive. In this article, we’ll explore:

How AI enhances JTBD analysis for better customer insights
How JTBD principles align with Business Agility and adaptive business models
Real-world case studies where AI-driven JTBD strategies have led to success
How businesses can leverage AI-powered JTBD insights for competitive advantage


Why Do Most AI-Driven Innovations Fail?

Despite AI’s potential, many AI-driven business initiatives fail because they lack a deep understanding of customer needs.

🔹 McKinsey (2023) reports that 94% of executives are dissatisfied with their company’s innovation performance.
🔹 Harvard Business Review (2019) states that 85% of AI-driven products fail due to misalignment with actual customer needs.
🔹 AI models are often trained on correlation-based data, rather than causal customer behavior insights.

Where AI Falls Short Without JTBD Thinking

1️⃣ AI Predictive Analytics Overemphasize Correlation:

  • AI can identify patterns (e.g., “People who buy luxury cars also buy premium coffee”).
  • However, correlation does not explain why customers buy (e.g., “Customers buy luxury cars for social status, but premium coffee for sensory experience and convenience”).

2️⃣ AI Chatbots and Virtual Assistants Lack Contextual Awareness:

  • Many AI chatbots fail to provide meaningful customer support because they don’t recognize the true “job” the customer needs done.
  • Instead of repeating scripted responses, AI systems must be trained to recognize customer struggles and emotional needs.

3️⃣ AI-Powered Marketing Misses Emotional and Social Jobs:

  • AI-driven ad targeting focuses on demographic similarities, but fails to capture customers’ deeper motivations.
  • Example: Recommending a fitness app based on age and gender ignores the emotional and social reasons behind fitness motivation (e.g., health concerns, self-esteem, community belonging).

📌 Solution: AI must be paired with JTBD analysis to move from correlation-based prediction to causation-driven insights.


AI-Driven JTBD: The Future of Customer-Centric Business Strategy

How AI Enhances JTBD Insights

AI-Powered Behavioural Analytics → Helps businesses analyse customer struggles and uncover hidden Jobs-to-Be-Done.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) → Extracts deep emotional and social motivations behind customer purchases.
Machine Learning for Customer Segmentation → Moves beyond demographics to segment customers based on jobs and pain points.
Conversational AI & Sentiment Analysis → Helps companies understand why customers “fire” products and what causes dissatisfaction.

Real-World Example: AI-Powered JTBD in Action

📌 Netflix’s AI-Powered Personalization (JTBD Success)

  • Traditional recommendation systems categorized viewers by demographics.
  • Netflix shifted to a JTBD-based model, recognizing that:
    • Some customers “hire” Netflix to relax after work.
    • Others “hire” Netflix to bond with family or learn something new.
  • AI-driven personalization now tailors recommendations based on viewing behaviours and inferred customer jobs.

📌 Spotify’s AI and JTBD Strategy

  • Spotify’s AI doesn’t just recommend music—it recommends based on customer “jobs.”
  • Recognizing that music is often hired to manage emotions, Spotify introduced mood-based playlists and AI-curated daily mixes.

AI-Powered JTBD in B2B Contexts

📌 Salesforce’s AI-Driven Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

  • AI-powered Salesforce Einstein analyses customer interactions to determine:
    • Why certain customers are at risk of churn.
    • What “job” the customer is trying to accomplish.
  • Instead of relying on static customer profiles, Salesforce uses real-time AI insights to adjust strategies dynamically.

💡 Key Insight: AI alone cannot replace human intuition and strategy—but when combined with JTBD thinking, it becomes a powerful tool for predicting and fulfilling customer needs.


JTBD + AI Business Agility: Perfect Match in Digital Age

Why Business Agility Needs JTBD Thinking

Agile businesses thrive by adapting to customer needs and iterating quickly. JTBD helps agile teams by:
✔️ Clarifying customer priorities → Teams focus on what truly matters to customers.
✔️ Avoiding feature creep → Prevents businesses from adding unnecessary AI features that don’t solve real jobs.
✔️ Supporting rapid prototyping → Businesses test whether a product actually fulfils a job before scaling.

Case Study: How Agile Businesses Use JTBD

📌 Amazon’s AI-Powered JTBD Approach

  • Amazon doesn’t just sell products—it optimizes for different customer jobs.
    • Prime members “hire” Amazon for ultra-fast, convenient delivery.
    • Kindle users “hire” Amazon for access to instant digital reading.
  • Amazon’s AI identifies changing customer jobs and adapts product offerings dynamically.

📌 Tesla’s AI and JTBD Strategy

  • Tesla’s autonomous driving AI isn’t just about self-driving—it’s about solving the job of reducing driver fatigue and increasing convenience.
  • Instead of competing with traditional car brands, Tesla focuses on software-based agility, continuously updating features based on evolving customer jobs.

How Businesses Can Implement AI-Powered JTBD for Competitive Advantage

Step 1: Identify Customer Jobs with AI-Powered Behavioural Data

📌 Use AI-driven customer journey mapping to analyse how people interact with products and services.

Step 2: Align AI and Business Agility with JTBD Insights

📌 Design agile business models that adapt to customer job changes dynamically.

Step 3: Integrate AI-Driven Personalization Based on Customer Jobs

📌 Use AI-powered recommendation engines to match products/services to real customer jobs.

Step 4: Leverage Conversational AI & Sentiment Analysis for Customer Feedback

📌 Monitor AI chatbots and support interactions to detect customer struggles and pivot business strategy accordingly.


Future of JTBD, AI, and Business Agility

AI is a powerful tool, but it must be guided by Jobs-to-Be-Done insights.
Business agility is essential for adapting to evolving customer needs.
JTBD thinking transforms AI-driven business models from feature-driven to truly customer-centric.


Citations & References

  • CB Insights. (2023). The Top Reasons Startups Fail.
  • Christensen, C. M., Hall, T., Dillon, K., & Duncan, D. S. (2016). Competing Against Luck: The Story of Innovation and Customer Choice. Harper Business.
  • McKinsey & Company. (2023). The State of Innovation in Global Business.
  • Harvard Business Review. (2019). Why Most New Products Fail: Lessons from 40,000 Launches.
  • Netflix AI Personalization Case Study, MIT Technology Review (2022).
  • Tesla AI Strategy Report, Forbes (2023).
  • The Innovator’s Dilemma. Christensen, C. (1997). Harvard Business School Press.

JTBD PDF Explanation

Photo by Evangeline Shaw

en_CAEnglish