{"id":339,"date":"2024-08-27T11:50:30","date_gmt":"2024-08-27T15:50:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/businessagility.education\/blog\/?p=339"},"modified":"2024-08-27T12:36:27","modified_gmt":"2024-08-27T16:36:27","slug":"project-management-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/businessagility.education\/blog\/cs\/project-management-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Historie \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>ABSTRAKT: \u010cl\u00e1nek zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na um\u011blou inteligenci o \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Projektov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1no za modern\u00ed discipl\u00ednu, jej\u00ed\u017e ko\u0159eny v\u0161ak sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do starov\u011bku. V\u00fdvoj projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byl ovlivn\u011bn rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi projekty, v\u011bdeck\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm a v\u00fdvojem specializovan\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a technik. Mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 miln\u00edky pat\u0159\u00ed stavba pyramid a Velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 zdi, zaveden\u00ed v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Frederickem Taylorem a Henrym Ganttem, vytvo\u0159en\u00ed metody kritick\u00e9 cesty (CPM) a techniky hodnocen\u00ed a p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1n\u00ed programu (PERT) v 50. letech 20. stolet\u00ed a zalo\u017een\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f, jako je Institut projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (PMI). Dnes je projektov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed uzn\u00e1v\u00e1no jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 discipl\u00edna nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi odv\u011btv\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 se neust\u00e1le vyv\u00edj\u00ed s rozvojem technologi\u00ed a mana\u017eersk\u00fdch postup\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-tiktok wp-block-embed-tiktok\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"tiktok-embed\" cite=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@agilemarketing\/video\/7407856692215565573\" data-video-id=\"7407856692215565573\" data-embed-from=\"oembed\" style=\"max-width:605px; min-width:325px;\"> <section> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"@agilemarketing\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/@agilemarketing?refer=embed\">@agilemarketing<\/a> <p>Historie projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed od pyramid po agiln\u00ed syst\u00e9m <a title=\"historie \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f\" target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/tag\/projectmanagementhistory?refer=embed\">#historie \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f<\/a><\/p> <a target=\"_blank\" title=\"origin\u00e1ln\u00ed zvuk - Professor Thomas Hormaza Dow - Professor Thomas Hormaza Dow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/music\/original-sound-Professor-Thomas-Hormaza-Dow-7407856819665570566?refer=embed\">p\u016fvodn\u00ed zvuk - Professor Thomas Hormaza Dow - Professor Thomas Hormaza Dow<\/a> <\/section> <\/blockquote> <script async src=\"https:\/\/www.tiktok.com\/embed.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f TikTok<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stru\u010dn\u00e1 historie projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Antick\u00e9 z\u00e1klady:<\/strong> Projektov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b praktikuje ji\u017e od dob starov\u011bk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pou\u0161t\u011bly do monument\u00e1ln\u00edch projekt\u016f. V\u00fdstavba pyramid v G\u00edze, Velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 zdi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho Kolosea jsou nejlep\u0161\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edklady ran\u00e9ho projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Tyto rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 projekty vy\u017eadovaly pe\u010dliv\u00e9 pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159id\u011blov\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f, \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pracovn\u00edch sil a logistickou koordinaci, co\u017e jsou charakteristick\u00e9 znaky modern\u00edho projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. A\u010dkoli je dokumentace z t\u011bchto obdob\u00ed skoup\u00e1, je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee starov\u011bc\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i a architekti pou\u017e\u00edvali systematick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed sv\u00fdch projekt\u016f a fakticky p\u016fsobili jako prvn\u00ed projektov\u00ed mana\u017ee\u0159i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>V\u00fdvoj v 19. stolet\u00ed:<\/strong> Formalizace projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jako samostatn\u00e9 discipl\u00edny za\u010dala koncem 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy ji podn\u00edtila slo\u017eitost velk\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch a vl\u00e1dn\u00edch projekt\u016f. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm momentem byla Transkontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eeleznice v USA v 60. letech 19. stolet\u00ed. Tento projekt vy\u017eadoval koordinaci tis\u00edc\u016f pracovn\u00edk\u016f a obrovsk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed zdroj\u016f, co\u017e vedlo k rozvoji prvn\u00edch metodik \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Frederick Taylor (1856-1915) zavedl v\u011bdeck\u00fd management, kter\u00fd se pozd\u011bji stal z\u00e1kladem modern\u00edho projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Taylorovy studie o \u010dase a pohybu se zam\u011b\u0159ovaly na zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed efektivity pomoc\u00ed anal\u00fdzy pracovn\u00edch proces\u016f a optimalizace \u00fakol\u016f. Jeho spolupracovn\u00edk Henry Gantt (1861-1919) tyto my\u0161lenky d\u00e1le rozvinul vytvo\u0159en\u00edm Ganttova diagramu, vizu\u00e1ln\u00edho n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00fd je dodnes z\u00e1kladem projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Gantt\u016fv diagram umo\u017enil mana\u017eer\u016fm sledovat postup prac\u00ed, rozd\u011blovat zdroje a identifikovat z\u00e1vislosti mezi \u00fakoly, co\u017e usnadnilo pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00fdch projekt\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Polovina 20. stolet\u00ed: Zrod modern\u00edho projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed:<\/strong> V polovin\u011b 20. stolet\u00ed se zrodil modern\u00ed projektov\u00fd management, kter\u00fd byl vyvol\u00e1n pot\u0159ebou \u0159\u00eddit st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projekty b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. V\u00fdvoj raketov\u00e9ho programu Polaris americk\u00fdm n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvem vedl v roce 1958 k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed techniky PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). PERT byl navr\u017een tak, aby zvl\u00e1dl nejistotu a slo\u017eitost rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch projekt\u016f, a umo\u017enil mana\u017eer\u016fm p\u0159esn\u011bji odhadnout dobu trv\u00e1n\u00ed projektu a posoudit potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed rizika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b vyvinula spole\u010dnost DuPont Corporation metodu kritick\u00e9 cesty (CPM) pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f \u00fadr\u017eby z\u00e1vodu. Metoda CPM zavedla deterministick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed projekt\u016f a zam\u011b\u0159ila se na ur\u010den\u00ed posloupnosti kritick\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f, kter\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00ed celkovou dobu trv\u00e1n\u00ed projektu. PERT i CPM se staly z\u00e1kladn\u00edmi n\u00e1stroji projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mana\u017eer\u016fm umo\u017enily efektivn\u011bji \u0159\u00eddit \u010dasov\u00fd harmonogram projektu a rozd\u011blovat zdroje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>60.-80. l\u00e9ta 20. stolet\u00ed: Institucionalizace a technologick\u00fd pokrok:<\/strong> V 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed se koncept projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed za\u010dal prosazovat v r\u016fzn\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch. V roce 1969 byl zalo\u017een Institut projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (PMI), kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavoval v\u00fdznamn\u00fd miln\u00edk v profesionalizaci t\u00e9to discipl\u00edny. PMI p\u0159edstavil Soubor znalost\u00ed projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed (Project Management Body of Knowledge, PMBOK), komplexn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dku, kter\u00e1 standardizovala postupy a terminologii projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sedmdes\u00e1t\u00e1 a osmdes\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed byla ve znamen\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9ho technologick\u00e9ho pokroku, kter\u00fd d\u00e1le prom\u011bnil \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f. Zaveden\u00ed osobn\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f a softwaru pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f umo\u017enilo mana\u017eer\u016fm zpracov\u00e1vat st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data a detaily projekt\u016f. Obl\u00edben\u00fdmi se staly n\u00e1stroje jako Microsoft Project, kter\u00e9 umo\u017enily vytv\u00e1\u0159et podrobn\u00e9 harmonogramy projekt\u016f, pl\u00e1ny zdroj\u016f a odhady n\u00e1klad\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V tomto obdob\u00ed se objevily nov\u00e9 metodiky, v\u010detn\u011b struktury rozd\u011blen\u00ed prac\u00ed (Work Breakdown Structure - WBS), kter\u00e1 poskytla hierarchick\u00fd r\u00e1mec pro organizaci projektov\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f, a teorie omezen\u00ed (Theory of Constraints - TOC), kter\u00e1 se zam\u011b\u0159ila na identifikaci a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nejkriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch omezen\u00ed projektu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>90. l\u00e9ta 20. stolet\u00ed - sou\u010dasnost: Vzestup agilnosti a globalizace:<\/strong> V 90. letech 20. stolet\u00ed se objevily nov\u00e9 metodiky \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti v\u00fdvoje softwaru. Agiln\u00ed \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f s d\u016frazem na flexibilitu, spolupr\u00e1ci a iterativn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj si z\u00edskalo oblibu jako reakce na omezen\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch, line\u00e1rn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f. R\u00e1mce jako Scrum a Extr\u00e9mn\u00ed programov\u00e1n\u00ed (XP) se staly \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdmi, zejm\u00e9na v prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vyzna\u010duje rychl\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami a nejistotou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Globalizace a n\u00e1stup internetu tak\u00e9 zm\u011bnily \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f na konci 20. a za\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed. Projekty se staly slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a \u010dasto se na nich pod\u00edlely t\u00fdmy rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech a v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010dasov\u00fdch p\u00e1smech. Tento posun si vy\u017e\u00e1dal v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a technik pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed komunikace, spolupr\u00e1ce a koordinace nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d geograficky rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdmi t\u00fdmy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V posledn\u00edch letech se \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f st\u00e1le vyv\u00edj\u00ed a st\u00e1le v\u00edce se prosazuj\u00ed trendy jako pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed zdola nahoru, agiln\u00ed metodiky a rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e9 na datech. D\u016fraz se p\u0159esunul na dosa\u017een\u00ed strategick\u00e9ho souladu mezi v\u00fdsledky projekt\u016f a obchodn\u00edmi c\u00edli, co\u017e zaji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee projekty nep\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed pouze v\u00fdstupy, ale tak\u00e9 hmatateln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ednosy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rekapitulace:<\/strong> Historie projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhem neust\u00e1l\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje, kter\u00fd byl zp\u016fsoben pot\u0159ebou \u0159\u00eddit st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a ambici\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed projekty. Od stavby starov\u011bk\u00fdch div\u016f a\u017e po v\u00fdvoj modern\u00edch technologick\u00fdch z\u00e1zrak\u016f hr\u00e1lo projektov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli p\u0159i prom\u011bn\u011b my\u0161lenek ve skute\u010dnost. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee se tato discipl\u00edna neust\u00e1le rozv\u00edj\u00ed a p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje nov\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00edm n\u00e1strojem pro organizace, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout sv\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f ve st\u00e1le slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a konkuren\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Zdroje:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Seymour, T., &amp; Hussein, S. (2014). Historie projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.&nbsp;<em>International Journal of Management &amp; Information Systems (online)<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>18<\/em>(4), 233-240.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_management\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_management<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ABSTRAKT: \u010cl\u00e1nek zam\u011b\u0159en\u00fd na um\u011blou inteligenci o \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed projekt\u016f. Projektov\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed je \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1no za modern\u00ed discipl\u00ednu, ale jeho ko\u0159eny sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do starov\u011bku. V\u00fdvoj projektov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byl ovlivn\u011bn rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi snahami, v\u011bdeck\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm a v\u00fdvojem specializovan\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f a technik. Mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 miln\u00edky pat\u0159\u00ed stavba pyramid a Velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 zdi, zaveden\u00ed [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":340,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[69],"class_list":["post-339","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agile-project-management","tag-project-management-history"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Project Management History - Business Agility+AI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"History of project management and agility from ancient wonders to modern methodologies, highlighting milestones that shaped this discipline\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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